電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史可謂(wei)是悠久，從1859年，法國(guo)人加(jia)斯(si)東普蘭特發(fa)現(xian)了鉛(qian)酸充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象后(hou)，鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池一直是電(dian)(dian)(dian)池領域(yu)應用(yong)較廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)品，如電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車、汽車、機車、輪船、飛機、后(hou)備(bei)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)上(shang)(shang)都(dou)有鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，但我們并有聽到很多(duo)來自這些領域(yu)對鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)不滿，然而，為(wei)什么同樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)品到了電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行車上(shang)(shang)卻是名符其(qi)實的(de)(de)(de)(de)“怨聲(sheng)載道”。研發(fa)專家從下面(mian)幾個方面(mian)闡述產(chan)生這一問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因。
1.鉛酸蓄電(dian)池工作(zuo)原理方面的原因
鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)放電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)過程是電(dian)化(hua)(hua)學反應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)過程，充(chong)電(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)形成(cheng)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)，放電(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)又還(huan)原(yuan)為硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)。而硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)是一(yi)種非常容易結(jie)晶的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)質，當(dang)(dang)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)中電(dian)解(jie)溶液的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)濃度過高或(huo)靜態閑置時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)過長時(shi)(shi)(shi)，就會(hui)“抱(bao)成(cheng)”團，結(jie)成(cheng)小晶體(ti)，這(zhe)些小晶體(ti)再吸引周圍的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)，就象(xiang)滾雪球一(yi)樣形成(cheng)大的(de)(de)(de)惰性結(jie)晶，結(jie)晶后的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)充(chong)電(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)不但不能(neng)再還(huan)原(yuan)成(cheng)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)，還(huan)會(hui)沉淀(dian)附著在電(dian)極板(ban)(ban)上(shang)，造成(cheng)了電(dian)極板(ban)(ban)工作面積下降(jiang)，這(zhe)一(yi)現象(xiang)叫(jiao)硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)，也(ye)就是常說的(de)(de)(de)老(lao)話(hua)。這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)容量會(hui)逐漸下降(jiang)，直至無(wu)法(fa)(fa)使用。當(dang)(dang)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)大量堆集時(shi)(shi)(shi)還(huan)會(hui)吸引鉛(qian)(qian)微粒形成(cheng)鉛(qian)(qian)枝，正負極板(ban)(ban)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)枝搭(da)橋就造成(cheng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)短路。如果(guo)極板(ban)(ban)表面或(huo)密(mi)封塑殼有(you)縫(feng)隙，硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)結(jie)晶就會(hui)在這(zhe)些縫(feng)隙內堆積，并產生膨脹張力(li)，較終使極板(ban)(ban)斷裂脫(tuo)落或(huo)外殼破裂，造成(cheng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)不可修復性物(wu)理損(sun)壞(huai)。所以，導致鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)失效和損(sun)壞(huai)的(de)(de)(de)主要機理就是電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)本身無(wu)法(fa)(fa)避免的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)。
2.電動自(zi)行車特殊工(gong)作環境的(de)原因
只要(yao)是(shi)鉛蓄電(dian)池，在使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中都(dou)會(hui)硫化，但其它(ta)領域的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛酸電(dian)池卻比電(dian)動自行車上使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛酸電(dian)池有(you)著更(geng)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壽(shou)命，這是(shi)因為電(dian)動自行車的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛酸電(dian)池有(you)著一(yi)個更(geng)容易硫化的(de)(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)環(huan)境。
電(dian)(dian)動車(che)鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在充電(dian)(dian)使(shi)用過(guo)程中，硫(liu)化問(wen)題(ti)不可(ke)避免，這是因(yin)為在放電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中所產(chan)生的硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)，部分(fen)會形成極(ji)難分(fen)解的結(jie)晶(jing)附著于正負極(ji)板(ban)(ban)上，而無法以正常(chang)的充電(dian)(dian)方式(shi)還原。久而久之，在極(ji)板(ban)(ban)上形成的非(fei)活(huo)性(xing)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)結(jie)晶(jing)會越來越多，較后使(shi)極(ji)板(ban)(ban)完(wan)全喪失活(huo)性(xing)，這是造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)老(lao)化的較大原因(yin)。
雖然(ran)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)硫化(hua)現象不(bu)可逆(ni)，但卻有某些方法可減少(shao)硫化(hua)的(de)(de)產生。硫化(hua)現象產生的(de)(de)主要(yao)原因是：大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、深(shen)度放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、不(bu)及時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、頻(pin)繁充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)過短(duan)以及充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器本身的(de)(de)因素等。要(yao)減小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)硫化(hua)，延長電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)使用(yong)壽命，首先就要(yao)改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)的(de)(de)工作環境(jing)。減少(shao)車(che)身自重，適當限速，不(bu)搭載重物，長時(shi)間(jian)不(bu)使用(yong)時(shi)要(yao)做補(bu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，較好(hao)每次放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后都能及時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，做好(hao)欠壓保護，嚴防電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
或(huo)者還(huan)可以使(shi)用(yong)專門的(de)設(she)備進行除(chu)(chu)硫(liu)維護，如(ru)使(shi)用(yong)臺(tai)式快速(su)除(chu)(chu)硫(liu)設(she)備、選(xuan)擇可除(chu)(chu)硫(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器、使(shi)用(yong)在(zai)線式鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)延生器等。此外，為電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)提供一(yi)個(ge)好的(de)工作環境能大大減小硫(liu)化(hua)現象(xiang)的(de)發生，任何一(yi)種(zhong)解決(jue)消除(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)硫(liu)化(hua)的(de)方法都會或(huo)多或(huo)少對電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)極板造成一(yi)定的(de)損(sun)傷。